Cross-stitch is a type of [embroidery](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-embroider-explained) in which x-shaped stitches are embroidered onto a grid-like [woven fabric](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/knit-vs-woven-learn-how-to-identify-the-two-fabric-types), resulting in uniform stitches that come together to form a larger pattern or image. The final product of cross-stitched work varies among stitchers—some leave their finished project in the embroidery hoop and hang it on a wall as a framed work of art, while others cross-stitch directly onto blankets, pillowcases, or clothing items.

Related hobbies include hand embroidery (in which you embroider without a grid), needlepoint (in which you use repetitive stitches but not necessarily x-shaped stitches), [crochet](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-crochet) (in which you use a hook to weave yarn together), and knitting (in which you use two needles to weave yarn together).
Embroidery is a simple and inexpensive hobby that only requires a few materials:

- __Needle__: While you can technically cross-stitch with any type of needle, you can achieve the best results with a tapestry needle. This type of needle has a blunt point and a long, thin eye for easier threading. (The needle doesn’t need to be sharp enough to pierce since cross-stitch fabric already has holes.) Tapestry needles come in a range of sizes, from 18 to 24 (the latter number is the smallest). The fabric that you select for your project will determine the ideal needle size for your project. Generally, larger materials require larger needles and vice versa.
- __Fabric__: Cross-stitching requires a particular kind of fabric, called “evenweave”—or woven fabric with equal-sized warp and weft, resulting in a balanced grid of squares that stitchers can count as they work toward creating the final image. Standard evenweave fabrics for cross-stitching include [linen](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-linen-everything-you-need-to-know-about-using-and-caring-for-linen) or Aida cloth.
- __Embroidery floss__: Embroidery floss (also called embroidery thread) is a soft [cotton](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-cotton) or [polyester](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/polyester-fabric-guide) thread available in many different colors. It’s thicker than sewing thread so that it’s more visible when stitched onto fabric.
- __Scissors__: You can use any type of scissors to trim your fabric and cut your floss. For more precise cuts, purchase a pair of embroidery scissors, which have a smaller, sharper set of blades.
- __Pattern__: Cross-stitching, like [knitting](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/complete-beginners-guide-to-knitting), is a mathematical process in which you count each of your stitches in predetermined rows to form a larger whole. Most cross-stitchers follow a pattern as they stitch, which is different from a traceable embroidery pattern—cross-stitch patterns are slightly more technical, set up on a grid with different colors and shapes to indicate the placement of the color stitches. 
- __Embroidery hoop (optional)__: An embroidery hoop can help keep your project even and straight, especially for very small cross-stitching. A hoop is composed of two rings: a solid inner ring and an outer ring with a screw to twist to tighten or loosen the fit. This hoop, which can be made out of wood or plastic, is available in a range of sizes, from 3 to 12 inches. A mid-sized or larger hoop is ideal for a beginning cross-stitcher since it can be difficult to stitch in a small hoop.
- __Masking tape, sewing machine, or serger (optional)__: Masking tape or a quick stitch along the outside of your fabric can help prevent it from fraying.
Whether you’re running into a snag or looking for ways to vary your stitching, here are some tips for beginner crafters:

1. __Keep your stitches consistent__. The key to creating a clean look in your cross-stitch is maintaining a uniform size, shape, and tension in your stitches. To do this, start with the same arm of the x every time, rather than using different arms. Also, try to pull each stitch to the same tautness level instead of creating a mix of extra-tight and loose stitches which can make the design look slapdash.  
2. __Experiment with other stitches__. While cross-stitching has fewer stitch variations than general hand embroidery, there are still a few different kinds of stitches you can try to achieve a particular effect. Backstitch is a great stitch for beginners because it results in thin, tidy lines that can add definition to your shapes; French knots are slightly more complex but a great way to add decorative spheres to your patterns. 
3. __Follow the rules for resizing__. In counted cross-stitch, where stitchers count threads from the center of the fabric to create a neat appearance, most patterns will include an image that can be resized depending on how large you want the finished product. At the smallest, you can stitch a cross-stitch project with one strand of thread over an area of just one square of your grid (called “one over one”). To make a project larger, you can increase the thread count for your stitches and stitch over multiple squares in the grid (for instance, “two over two”).
Here’s a step-by-step tutorial to cross-stitching—from preparing the fabric to your final stitch:

1. __Prepare your fabric (optional)__. Woven fabrics, like Aida or linen, can begin to unravel at the edges after a lot of handling. Consider preparing the edges of your fabric by taping along them with masking tape or running along them with a zig-zag stitch or serger to avoid this effect. 
2. __Identify the center of your fabric__. If you want your design to be centered on your fabric, it’s best to find the fabric’s center and start stitching from there. Simply fold your fabric in half lengthwise and then widthwise—the spot where those two lines intersect is the center of your fabric. You can make a small mark or stitch in the center so you don’t lose it.
3. __Stretch the fabric over the embroidery hoop (optional)__. If you want to use an embroidery hoop, loosen the screw at the top of your embroidery hoop to detach the two pieces. Place the two halves of your hoop on either side of your fabric. Squeeze the two pieces of the hoop back together, screw them tight, and then tug around the fabric until it’s tight. Pulling too tight can warp the weave of your fabric. You want to ensure the fabric still has a consistent grid pattern for the cleanest final product.
4. __Decide on your design. Next, select your design__. You can choose a simple line design or a portrait for more complexity. Depending on your preference, you can create your own cross-stitch patterns, find free patterns online, use one from a counted cross-stitch kit, or buy one. Most cross-stitch patterns use different colors and shapes on a grid to indicate what color stitches go where.
5. __Prepare your floss__. Embroidery floss usually comes as a combination of six individual threads. Most cross-stitching (depending on your pattern and your fabric’s size) uses either one or two threads. Cut a long piece of floss (about the length of your arm) from your skein, and then separate your desired number of threads from the rest. 
6. __Thread your needle__. Take one end of your floss and thread it through the needle eye, letting the other half dangle a few inches from the eye—avoid tying the floss to the needle. On the other end of the floss, tie a few knots on top of each other so that that end won’t slip through your fabric. (Some cross-stitchers don’t tie a knot in their thread at all, instead of holding it in place until they’ve made enough stitches on top of it to keep it secure.) 
7. __Make your first stitch__. Identify the center of your fabric and the center of your pattern. (Most professional patterns include two arrows to indicate the midpoint of the pattern.) Starting from the back of the fabric, pull the needle and floss through the center point until the thread stops on the knot. Then, pick the point directly diagonal from your thread and push the needle back through, leaving one line of floss that resembles half of an x on your fabric. It doesn’t matter which direction you choose to stitch first (either the forward-slash or the backslash)—just stay consistent in future stitches.
8. __Continue making stitches__. As you continue making stitches, you can follow one of two schools: English and Danish. The English method completes each x before moving on to the next. The Danish process completes each slash throughout the pattern before returning to make the second slash and finish the x. 
9. __Tie off your last stitch__. When you’re close to using up the entire thread, thread your needle through at least three stitches on the back of your fabric (you can tie a knot to secure it further, but most cross-stitchers say a knot isn’t necessary). If you still have more cross-stitching to do before your project is finished, thread your needle with a new piece of floss and continue the process.
Cross-stitching and embroidery are closely related as forms of needlework with one key difference: embroidery is an umbrella term that refers to any method of stitching designs onto fabric through needle-art, including cross-stitching. 

Cross-stitch is a more narrow term specifically referring to embroidery using x-shaped stitches on a gridlike fabric.
Become a better fashion designer with the [MasterClass Annual Membership](https://www.masterclass.com/). Gain access to exclusive video lessons taught by the world’s best, including Marc Jacobs, Laura Kim & Fernando Garcia, Tan France, Diane von Furstenberg, Anna Wintour, and more.

Cross-stitching is a hobby that many find relaxing, in which you can make DIY decorations, embellishing clothing items, or one-of-a-kind gifts for friends and family. This type of embroidery is also very flexible, easy to do on-the-go, while watching a show, or listening to an audiobook.

Cross-stitching is a hobby that many find relaxing, in which you can make DIY decorations, embellishing clothing items, or one-of-a-kind gifts for friends and family. This type of embroidery is also very flexible, easy to do on-the-go, while watching a show, or listening to an audiobook.

How to Cross-Stitch: 3 Cross-Stitch Tips for Beginners

Cross-stitch is a type of <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-embroider-explained' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-embroider-explained","linkCopy":"embroidery","category":null}'>embroidery</a> in which x-shaped stitches are embroidered onto a grid-like <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/knit-vs-woven-learn-how-to-identify-the-two-fabric-types' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/knit-vs-woven-learn-how-to-identify-the-two-fabric-types","linkCopy":"woven fabric","category":null}'>woven fabric</a>, resulting in uniform stitches that come together to form a larger pattern or image. The final product of cross-stitched work varies among stitchers—some leave their finished project in the embroidery hoop and hang it on a wall as a framed work of art, while others cross-stitch directly onto blankets, pillowcases, or clothing items.Related hobbies include hand embroidery (in which you embroider without a grid), needlepoint (in which you use repetitive stitches but not necessarily x-shaped stitches), <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-crochet' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-crochet","linkCopy":"crochet","category":null}'>crochet</a> (in which you use a hook to weave yarn together), and knitting (in which you use two needles to weave yarn together).

What Is Cross-Stitch?

Embroidery is a simple and inexpensive hobby that only requires a few materials:<ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Needle: While you can technically cross-stitch with any type of needle, you can achieve the best results with a tapestry needle. This type of needle has a blunt point and a long, thin eye for easier threading. (The needle doesn’t need to be sharp enough to pierce since cross-stitch fabric already has holes.) Tapestry needles come in a range of sizes, from 18 to 24 (the latter number is the smallest). The fabric that you select for your project will determine the ideal needle size for your project. Generally, larger materials require larger needles and vice versa. </li><li class="">Fabric: Cross-stitching requires a particular kind of fabric, called “evenweave”—or woven fabric with equal-sized warp and weft, resulting in a balanced grid of squares that stitchers can count as they work toward creating the final image. Standard evenweave fabrics for cross-stitching include <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-linen-everything-you-need-to-know-about-using-and-caring-for-linen' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-linen-everything-you-need-to-know-about-using-and-caring-for-linen","linkCopy":"linen","category":null}'>linen</a> or Aida cloth. </li><li class="">Embroidery floss: Embroidery floss (also called embroidery thread) is a soft <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-cotton' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-cotton","linkCopy":"cotton","category":null}'>cotton</a> or <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/polyester-fabric-guide' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/polyester-fabric-guide","linkCopy":"polyester","category":null}'>polyester</a> thread available in many different colors. It’s thicker than sewing thread so that it’s more visible when stitched onto fabric. </li><li class="">Scissors: You can use any type of scissors to trim your fabric and cut your floss. For more precise cuts, purchase a pair of embroidery scissors, which have a smaller, sharper set of blades. </li><li class="">Pattern: Cross-stitching, like <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/complete-beginners-guide-to-knitting' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/complete-beginners-guide-to-knitting","linkCopy":"knitting","category":null}'>knitting</a>, is a mathematical process in which you count each of your stitches in predetermined rows to form a larger whole. Most cross-stitchers follow a pattern as they stitch, which is different from a traceable embroidery pattern—cross-stitch patterns are slightly more technical, set up on a grid with different colors and shapes to indicate the placement of the color stitches. </li><li class="">Embroidery hoop (optional): An embroidery hoop can help keep your project even and straight, especially for very small cross-stitching. A hoop is composed of two rings: a solid inner ring and an outer ring with a screw to twist to tighten or loosen the fit. This hoop, which can be made out of wood or plastic, is available in a range of sizes, from 3 to 12 inches. A mid-sized or larger hoop is ideal for a beginning cross-stitcher since it can be difficult to stitch in a small hoop. </li><li class="">Masking tape, sewing machine, or serger (optional): Masking tape or a quick stitch along the outside of your fabric can help prevent it from fraying. </li></ul>

What Materials Do You Need for Cross-Stitch?

Whether you’re running into a snag or looking for ways to vary your stitching, here are some tips for beginner crafters:<ol class="mc-m-4"><li class="mc-my-4"> 1. Keep your stitches consistent. The key to creating a clean look in your cross-stitch is maintaining a uniform size, shape, and tension in your stitches. To do this, start with the same arm of the x every time, rather than using different arms. Also, try to pull each stitch to the same tautness level instead of creating a mix of extra-tight and loose stitches which can make the design look slapdash. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 2. Experiment with other stitches. While cross-stitching has fewer stitch variations than general hand embroidery, there are still a few different kinds of stitches you can try to achieve a particular effect. Backstitch is a great stitch for beginners because it results in thin, tidy lines that can add definition to your shapes; French knots are slightly more complex but a great way to add decorative spheres to your patterns. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 3. Follow the rules for resizing. In counted cross-stitch, where stitchers count threads from the center of the fabric to create a neat appearance, most patterns will include an image that can be resized depending on how large you want the finished product. At the smallest, you can stitch a cross-stitch project with one strand of thread over an area of just one square of your grid (called “one over one”). To make a project larger, you can increase the thread count for your stitches and stitch over multiple squares in the grid (for instance, “two over two”). </li></ol>

3 Cross-Stitch Tips for Beginners

Here’s a step-by-step tutorial to cross-stitching—from preparing the fabric to your final stitch:<ol class="mc-m-4"><li class="mc-my-4"> 1. Prepare your fabric (optional). Woven fabrics, like Aida or linen, can begin to unravel at the edges after a lot of handling. Consider preparing the edges of your fabric by taping along them with masking tape or running along them with a zig-zag stitch or serger to avoid this effect. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 2. Identify the center of your fabric. If you want your design to be centered on your fabric, it’s best to find the fabric’s center and start stitching from there. Simply fold your fabric in half lengthwise and then widthwise—the spot where those two lines intersect is the center of your fabric. You can make a small mark or stitch in the center so you don’t lose it. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 3. Stretch the fabric over the embroidery hoop (optional). If you want to use an embroidery hoop, loosen the screw at the top of your embroidery hoop to detach the two pieces. Place the two halves of your hoop on either side of your fabric. Squeeze the two pieces of the hoop back together, screw them tight, and then tug around the fabric until it’s tight. Pulling too tight can warp the weave of your fabric. You want to ensure the fabric still has a consistent grid pattern for the cleanest final product. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 4. Decide on your design. Next, select your design. You can choose a simple line design or a portrait for more complexity. Depending on your preference, you can create your own cross-stitch patterns, find free patterns online, use one from a counted cross-stitch kit, or buy one. Most cross-stitch patterns use different colors and shapes on a grid to indicate what color stitches go where. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 5. Prepare your floss. Embroidery floss usually comes as a combination of six individual threads. Most cross-stitching (depending on your pattern and your fabric’s size) uses either one or two threads. Cut a long piece of floss (about the length of your arm) from your skein, and then separate your desired number of threads from the rest. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 6. Thread your needle. Take one end of your floss and thread it through the needle eye, letting the other half dangle a few inches from the eye—avoid tying the floss to the needle. On the other end of the floss, tie a few knots on top of each other so that that end won’t slip through your fabric. (Some cross-stitchers don’t tie a knot in their thread at all, instead of holding it in place until they’ve made enough stitches on top of it to keep it secure.) </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 7. Make your first stitch. Identify the center of your fabric and the center of your pattern. (Most professional patterns include two arrows to indicate the midpoint of the pattern.) Starting from the back of the fabric, pull the needle and floss through the center point until the thread stops on the knot. Then, pick the point directly diagonal from your thread and push the needle back through, leaving one line of floss that resembles half of an x on your fabric. It doesn’t matter which direction you choose to stitch first (either the forward-slash or the backslash)—just stay consistent in future stitches. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 8. Continue making stitches. As you continue making stitches, you can follow one of two schools: English and Danish. The English method completes each x before moving on to the next. The Danish process completes each slash throughout the pattern before returning to make the second slash and finish the x. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 9. Tie off your last stitch. When you’re close to using up the entire thread, thread your needle through at least three stitches on the back of your fabric (you can tie a knot to secure it further, but most cross-stitchers say a knot isn’t necessary). If you still have more cross-stitching to do before your project is finished, thread your needle with a new piece of floss and continue the process. </li></ol>

How to Cross-Stitch

Cross-stitching and embroidery are closely related as forms of needlework with one key difference: embroidery is an umbrella term that refers to any method of stitching designs onto fabric through needle-art, including cross-stitching. Cross-stitch is a more narrow term specifically referring to embroidery using x-shaped stitches on a gridlike fabric.

What Is the Difference Between Cross-Stitch and Embroidery?

Become a better fashion designer with the <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/","linkCopy":"MasterClass Annual Membership","category":null}'>MasterClass Annual Membership</a>. Gain access to exclusive video lessons taught by the world’s best, including Marc Jacobs, Laura Kim &amp; Fernando Garcia, Tan France, Diane von Furstenberg, Anna Wintour, and more.

Want to Learn More About Fashion Design?

Cross-stitching is a hobby that many find relaxing, in which you can make DIY decorations, embellishing clothing items, or one-of-a-kind gifts for friends and family. This type of embroidery is also very flexible, easy to do on-the-go, while watching a show, or listening to an audiobook.

Cross-stitching is a hobby that many find relaxing, in which you can make DIY decorations, embellishing clothing items, or one-of-a-kind gifts for friends and family. This type of embroidery is also very flexible, easy to do on-the-go, while watching a show, or listening to an audiobook.
