The director of photography, also known as the DP or cinematographer, is the person responsible for creating the look of a film. A good DP will elevate a director’s vision, and introduce ideas and concepts the director may not have considered. It’s no coincidence many directors and cinematographers work together repeatedly, such as Steven Spielberg and Janusz Kaminski or Spike and his NYU classmate Ernest Dickerson, who shot six of his films.

The DP controls everything that affects what the camera is able to capture (i.e. composition, exposure, lighting, filters, and <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-camera-moves' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-camera-moves","linkCopy":"camera movements","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>camera movements</a>). The director of photography is the head of the camera and lighting crews on set, and also selects the cameras, lenses, and filters to be used on a shoot.
In order to better understand what a director of photography does, let’s look at their responsibilities during each phase of film production: 

__What Does a Director of Photography Do During <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/jodie-fosters-essential-preproduction-advice' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/jodie-fosters-essential-preproduction-advice","linkCopy":"Pre-Production","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>Pre-Production</a>?__

During pre-production the DP spends a lot of time conceiving the visual look of the film. 

- __Brainstorm__: The DP works closely with the director, the production designer, and the rest of the art department leaders to brainstorm the look and feel of the film. During this phase, the cinematographer raises questions like: What is the tone of the film? What is the color palette? What other films inspire the look of this film? What visual effects do we need? Directors and cinematographers often <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/robin-robertss-tips-for-effective-communication' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/robin-robertss-tips-for-effective-communication","linkCopy":"communicate","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>communicate</a> with each during this phase using mood boards or look books. (Learn how to make a look book with our complete guide here.)
- __Scout Locations__: The director of photography will accompany the <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-location-manager-understanding-what-a-location-manager-does-and-how-to-become-a-location-manager' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-location-manager-understanding-what-a-location-manager-does-and-how-to-become-a-location-manager","linkCopy":"location manager","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>location manager</a> or <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/how-to-scout-locations-for-a-film' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/how-to-scout-locations-for-a-film","linkCopy":"location scout","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>location scout</a> as they search for locations to film. The DP will survey the location for its natural light (or lack thereof), its space and set up, and whether or not it is line with the aforementioned visual look of the film.
- __Gather the Camera Equipment__: The DP will give the line producer a list of required equipment (which includes cameras, lenses, filters, and film stock) to rental or purchase. 
- __Assemble the team__: Many DPs have built a team they can trust through working on many different projects, and will often work with the same camera and lighting crew from film to film. They also work with the line producer to hire and fill out the team. The primary positions that interact with the DP the most, include:
 - __The camera operator__ works the camera. On smaller budget films, the DP might also be the camera operator. The DP will compose the shot and instruct the camera operator how to hold and move the camera to get the shot. 
 - __The Steadicam Operator__ sets up the Steadicam system (if the film has one), which stabilizes the camera while moving. The DP will compose the shot and the Steadicam operator will manage the Steadicam system to accommodate the shot.
 - __[1st and 2nd assistant camera](https://www.masterclass.com/articles/who-is-the-first-assistant-camera-who-is-the-second-assistant-camera-what-do-camera-assistants-do)__ 
 - __1st Assistant Camera__ is also the “focus puller” because their primary job is to make sure whatever subject or action is being filmed in sharp focus. As actors move towards or away from the camera, they focus and refocus the camera lens. They will also build the camera at the beginning of the day and make sure everything gets put back in its place at the end. 
 - __2nd Assistant Camera__ is also the “clapper loader,” which means they identify each new take on a slate. This allows the editor to sync the sound with the picture. They also work with the 1st AC to mark the actors positions during rehearsal which helps the 1st AC know when to change focus. 
 - __The gaffer__ oversees lighting and electrical on a film. The DP creates the overall lighting design and relies on the gaffer and his team to implement his vision.
 - __The key grip__ maintains the camera and lighting equipment and operates the dolly, cranes, and any other non-electrical equipment. The DP creates the vision, communicates it to the key grip, and the key grip (and his team) do whatever it takes (i.e. operate a dolly or provide the gaffer with the necessary lighting equipment) to make the DP’s vision a reality.

__What Does a Directory of Photography Do During Production?__

The director of photography does the majority of their job during production, which is when the film is actually being shot.

- __Block Shots__: The DP will work with the director to decide how to shoot a particular scene 
- __Shoot__: During production, the DP directs the camera and lighting crews, paying attention to the following areas:
 - __Composition and framing__: How everything is arranged within the frame. 
 - __Exposure__: The amount of light being captured by the camera and how a scene is lit.
 - __Lens and filters__: The DP chooses the camera lens and must consider a number of factors like the story they are telling (emotional scenes might need a lens specific for close-ups), how far they are from the subjects (is there enough depth of field for certain lenses), how much light do they have (certain lenses are better for capturing natural light than others), etc. 
 - __Camera movements__: The DP instructs the camera operators where to put the camera and how to move it through the scene. 
- __Go over dailies__: Dailies refer to the raw, unedited footage that was shot that day. Dailies are reviewed by the director and DP to ensure that everything is aligned with the original vision.

__What Does a Directory of Photography Do During Post-Production?__

The DP’s job is nearly done during post-production, except for one final process that affects the look of the film.

- __Coloring Grade__: Color grading tweaks the look and color of the film. The DP is responsible for the film’s color palette, so they advise the colorists on how the color palette should appear.
A director of photography is a visually creative, but technical role, and one must also be comfortable managing a large team. There are many skills a cinematographer should have to succeed:

- __Artistic vision and eye for photography__. The DP sets the visuals for the film and as such, should have a natural eye for capturing moving images. 
- __Ability to both give and follow instructions__. The DP has to understand the director’s vision and then communicate that message to many people across two entire departments. 
- __Technical camera skills__. The DP must know how to operate a camera, what different cameras do, how to use many lenses, how to expose a shot, etc. 
- __Work experience__: Work your way up the ranks by starting as an assistant in either the camera or lighting department. You can then become a lighting technician or camera operator and eventually as the camera assistant of a noted cinematographer. Networking with the line producer and assistant director are also helpful as they can hire you as the DP on their next projects.
- __Strong portfolio__: Build your portfolio by working on lower level camera department jobs on paid film shoots and climb the ranks, while also working as the cinematographer on unpaid film shoots. The strength of your portfolio is crucial to getting a job as a cinematographer, regardless of how far you’ve climbed up film production ladder or where you went to school. 

Learn more about film roles and responsibilities with Jodie Foster [here](https://www.masterclass.com/classes/jodie-foster-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/creating-the-vision-for-your-film).
__Martin Scorsese and Freddie Francis__
Martin Scorsese’s collaboration with cinematographer Freddie Francis on *Cape Fear* (1991) had a great impact on the director. Francis had a set of five anamorphic lenses that he used on films such as *The Innocents* (1961). In that film, actress Deborah Kerr walks through the halls of a Victorian mansion in dark apparel, yet everything in the wide frame is in crisp focus. Martin asked Freddie Francis how he achieved this effect, and he replied that he shot it at f/11 (the smallest aperture in the camera), which required copious amounts of light. It wasn’t until they worked together on *Cape Fear* that Martin fully understood the reason so much light flooded onto the sets of the older films made in Hollywood. 

Freddie Francis also showed Martin that subtle changes to framing can make a big difference. In *Cape Fear*, there is a shot of Nick Nolte peering through a window at Jessica Lange, who is being terrorized by Robert De Niro. Martin and Freddie Francis lined up the shot of Nolte’s two eyes, but Martin was unsatisfied. The DP’s solution was to show just one eye, which completely altered the shot, resulting in an otherworldly, mysterious image. Learn more [here](https://www.masterclass.com/classes/martin-scorsese-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/understanding-cinematography). 

__Spike Lee and Ernest Dickerson__
Spike’s philosophy about film as movement makes sense considering some of the camera techniques he and DP Ernest Dickerson employed have become signature. When Spike was shooting Malcolm X, the slain leader’s widow revealed her husband had a hunch there would be an attempt on his life during his speech at the Audubon Ballroom. To convey the emotion Malcolm may have felt in that moment, Dickerson suggested a double dolly shot, in which Denzel sits on a dolly and is being pulled, giving the illusion that Malcolm is in deep thought, moving through space and time as the world—and possibly his mortality—passes him by. It’s risk-taking techniques like these that give a director style and distinction. Learn more [here](https://www.masterclass.com/classes/spike-lee-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/collaborating-with-your-director-of-photography). 

__Mira Nair and Declan Quinn__
When Mira finds a great cinematographer, she tends to stick with them. She has worked with director of photography Declan Quinn, on six different projects, including *Monsoon Wedding*. Cinematographers are close collaborators on Mira’s films, joining the team early and helping to shape and take her vision even further. They must have an awareness, comfort, and even love for other worlds, and treat their framing of those worlds with sacredness and poetry.

Declan Quinn shot the entire Film *Monsoon Wedding* with a hand-held camera, and the action was blocked with the actors knowing that the camera could land on them at any moment. Declan and Mira agreed that for this film, handheld would not mean jagged or dizzying. Rather, the style would be fluid, and the camera would explore the connections between characters almost as though it were an observer of the action. For example, during a scene when the whole family is posing for a group photo, the camera links two characters together in a subliminally powerful way. Ria, who has been asked by an unknowing wedding photographer to sit at the feet of her abuser, looks up at her uncle who was supposed to protect her. The pained expression on Ria’s face, and the motion of her eyes up to her uncle, betray a powerful subtext that was neither scripted nor spoken by any character. Yet the audience notices this dynamic,
thanks to the subtle movements of the camera. Learn more [here](https://www.masterclass.com/classes/mira-nair-teaches-independent-filmmaking/chapters/working-with-your-cinematographer).
The director of photography is an integral part of the storytelling process as they are the person who captures the director’s vision on camera. The relationship between a director and his or her DP is a deeply collaborative one and often spans multiple films.

The director of photography is an integral part of the storytelling process as they are the person who captures the director’s vision on camera. The relationship between a director and his or her DP is a deeply collaborative one and often spans multiple films.

Film 101: What Is the Director of Photography and Is Director of Photography the Same as Cinematographer?

The director of photography, also known as the DP or cinematographer, is the person responsible for creating the look of a film. A good DP will elevate a director’s vision, and introduce ideas and concepts the director may not have considered. It’s no coincidence many directors and cinematographers work together repeatedly, such as Steven Spielberg and Janusz Kaminski or Spike and his NYU classmate Ernest Dickerson, who shot six of his films.The DP controls everything that affects what the camera is able to capture (i.e. composition, exposure, lighting, filters, and <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-camera-moves' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-camera-moves","linkCopy":"camera movements","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>camera movements</a>). The director of photography is the head of the camera and lighting crews on set, and also selects the cameras, lenses, and filters to be used on a shoot.

What Is a Director of Photography?

In order to better understand what a director of photography does, let’s look at their responsibilities during each phase of film production: What Does a Director of Photography Do During <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/jodie-fosters-essential-preproduction-advice' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/jodie-fosters-essential-preproduction-advice","linkCopy":"Pre-Production","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>Pre-Production</a>?During pre-production the DP spends a lot of time conceiving the visual look of the film. <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Brainstorm: The DP works closely with the director, the production designer, and the rest of the art department leaders to brainstorm the look and feel of the film. During this phase, the cinematographer raises questions like: What is the tone of the film? What is the color palette? What other films inspire the look of this film? What visual effects do we need? Directors and cinematographers often <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/robin-robertss-tips-for-effective-communication' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/robin-robertss-tips-for-effective-communication","linkCopy":"communicate","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>communicate</a> with each during this phase using mood boards or look books. (Learn how to make a look book with our complete guide here.) </li><li class="">Scout Locations: The director of photography will accompany the <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-location-manager-understanding-what-a-location-manager-does-and-how-to-become-a-location-manager' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-location-manager-understanding-what-a-location-manager-does-and-how-to-become-a-location-manager","linkCopy":"location manager","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>location manager</a> or <a href='https://masterclass.com/articles/how-to-scout-locations-for-a-film' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://masterclass.com/articles/how-to-scout-locations-for-a-film","linkCopy":"location scout","category":"automated-link"}' automatic='true'>location scout</a> as they search for locations to film. The DP will survey the location for its natural light (or lack thereof), its space and set up, and whether or not it is line with the aforementioned visual look of the film. </li><li class="">Gather the Camera Equipment: The DP will give the line producer a list of required equipment (which includes cameras, lenses, filters, and film stock) to rental or purchase. </li><li class="">Assemble the team: Many DPs have built a team they can trust through working on many different projects, and will often work with the same camera and lighting crew from film to film. They also work with the line producer to hire and fill out the team. The primary positions that interact with the DP the most, include: <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">The camera operator works the camera. On smaller budget films, the DP might also be the camera operator. The DP will compose the shot and instruct the camera operator how to hold and move the camera to get the shot. <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">The Steadicam Operator sets up the Steadicam system (if the film has one), which stabilizes the camera while moving. The DP will compose the shot and the Steadicam operator will manage the Steadicam system to accommodate the shot. </li></ul></li><li class=""><a href='https://www.masterclass.com/articles/who-is-the-first-assistant-camera-who-is-the-second-assistant-camera-what-do-camera-assistants-do' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/who-is-the-first-assistant-camera-who-is-the-second-assistant-camera-what-do-camera-assistants-do","linkCopy":"1st and 2nd assistant camera","category":null}'>1st and 2nd assistant camera</a> <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">1st Assistant Camera is also the “focus puller” because their primary job is to make sure whatever subject or action is being filmed in sharp focus. As actors move towards or away from the camera, they focus and refocus the camera lens. They will also build the camera at the beginning of the day and make sure everything gets put back in its place at the end. </li><li class="">2nd Assistant Camera is also the “clapper loader,” which means they identify each new take on a slate. This allows the editor to sync the sound with the picture. They also work with the 1st AC to mark the actors positions during rehearsal which helps the 1st AC know when to change focus. </li></ul></li><li class="">The gaffer oversees lighting and electrical on a film. The DP creates the overall lighting design and relies on the gaffer and his team to implement his vision. </li><li class="">The key grip maintains the camera and lighting equipment and operates the dolly, cranes, and any other non-electrical equipment. The DP creates the vision, communicates it to the key grip, and the key grip (and his team) do whatever it takes (i.e. operate a dolly or provide the gaffer with the necessary lighting equipment) to make the DP’s vision a reality. </li></ul></li></ul>What Does a Directory of Photography Do During Production?The director of photography does the majority of their job during production, which is when the film is actually being shot.<ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Block Shots: The DP will work with the director to decide how to shoot a particular scene </li><li class="">Shoot: During production, the DP directs the camera and lighting crews, paying attention to the following areas: <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Composition and framing: How everything is arranged within the frame. </li><li class="">Exposure: The amount of light being captured by the camera and how a scene is lit. </li><li class="">Lens and filters: The DP chooses the camera lens and must consider a number of factors like the story they are telling (emotional scenes might need a lens specific for close-ups), how far they are from the subjects (is there enough depth of field for certain lenses), how much light do they have (certain lenses are better for capturing natural light than others), etc. </li><li class="">Camera movements: The DP instructs the camera operators where to put the camera and how to move it through the scene. </li></ul></li><li class="">Go over dailies: Dailies refer to the raw, unedited footage that was shot that day. Dailies are reviewed by the director and DP to ensure that everything is aligned with the original vision. </li></ul>What Does a Directory of Photography Do During Post-Production?The DP’s job is nearly done during post-production, except for one final process that affects the look of the film.<ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Coloring Grade: Color grading tweaks the look and color of the film. The DP is responsible for the film’s color palette, so they advise the colorists on how the color palette should appear. </li></ul>

What Is a Director of Photography’s Job Description?

A director of photography is a visually creative, but technical role, and one must also be comfortable managing a large team. There are many skills a cinematographer should have to succeed:<ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Artistic vision and eye for photography. The DP sets the visuals for the film and as such, should have a natural eye for capturing moving images. </li><li class="">Ability to both give and follow instructions. The DP has to understand the director’s vision and then communicate that message to many people across two entire departments. </li><li class="">Technical camera skills. The DP must know how to operate a camera, what different cameras do, how to use many lenses, how to expose a shot, etc. </li><li class="">Work experience: Work your way up the ranks by starting as an assistant in either the camera or lighting department. You can then become a lighting technician or camera operator and eventually as the camera assistant of a noted cinematographer. Networking with the line producer and assistant director are also helpful as they can hire you as the DP on their next projects. </li><li class="">Strong portfolio: Build your portfolio by working on lower level camera department jobs on paid film shoots and climb the ranks, while also working as the cinematographer on unpaid film shoots. The strength of your portfolio is crucial to getting a job as a cinematographer, regardless of how far you’ve climbed up film production ladder or where you went to school. </li></ul>Learn more about film roles and responsibilities with Jodie Foster <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/classes/jodie-foster-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/creating-the-vision-for-your-film' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/classes/jodie-foster-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/creating-the-vision-for-your-film","linkCopy":"here","category":null}'>here</a>.

5 Things Every Cinematographer Needs 

Martin Scorsese and Freddie Francis Martin Scorsese’s collaboration with cinematographer Freddie Francis on Cape Fear (1991) had a great impact on the director. Francis had a set of five anamorphic lenses that he used on films such as The Innocents (1961). In that film, actress Deborah Kerr walks through the halls of a Victorian mansion in dark apparel, yet everything in the wide frame is in crisp focus. Martin asked Freddie Francis how he achieved this effect, and he replied that he shot it at f/11 (the smallest aperture in the camera), which required copious amounts of light. It wasn’t until they worked together on Cape Fear that Martin fully understood the reason so much light flooded onto the sets of the older films made in Hollywood. Freddie Francis also showed Martin that subtle changes to framing can make a big difference. In Cape Fear, there is a shot of Nick Nolte peering through a window at Jessica Lange, who is being terrorized by Robert De Niro. Martin and Freddie Francis lined up the shot of Nolte’s two eyes, but Martin was unsatisfied. The DP’s solution was to show just one eye, which completely altered the shot, resulting in an otherworldly, mysterious image. Learn more <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/classes/martin-scorsese-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/understanding-cinematography' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/classes/martin-scorsese-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/understanding-cinematography","linkCopy":"here","category":null}'>here</a>. Spike Lee and Ernest Dickerson Spike’s philosophy about film as movement makes sense considering some of the camera techniques he and DP Ernest Dickerson employed have become signature. When Spike was shooting Malcolm X, the slain leader’s widow revealed her husband had a hunch there would be an attempt on his life during his speech at the Audubon Ballroom. To convey the emotion Malcolm may have felt in that moment, Dickerson suggested a double dolly shot, in which Denzel sits on a dolly and is being pulled, giving the illusion that Malcolm is in deep thought, moving through space and time as the world—and possibly his mortality—passes him by. It’s risk-taking techniques like these that give a director style and distinction. Learn more <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/classes/spike-lee-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/collaborating-with-your-director-of-photography' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/classes/spike-lee-teaches-filmmaking/chapters/collaborating-with-your-director-of-photography","linkCopy":"here","category":null}'>here</a>. Mira Nair and Declan Quinn When Mira finds a great cinematographer, she tends to stick with them. She has worked with director of photography Declan Quinn, on six different projects, including Monsoon Wedding. Cinematographers are close collaborators on Mira’s films, joining the team early and helping to shape and take her vision even further. They must have an awareness, comfort, and even love for other worlds, and treat their framing of those worlds with sacredness and poetry.Declan Quinn shot the entire Film Monsoon Wedding with a hand-held camera, and the action was blocked with the actors knowing that the camera could land on them at any moment. Declan and Mira agreed that for this film, handheld would not mean jagged or dizzying. Rather, the style would be fluid, and the camera would explore the connections between characters almost as though it were an observer of the action. For example, during a scene when the whole family is posing for a group photo, the camera links two characters together in a subliminally powerful way. Ria, who has been asked by an unknowing wedding photographer to sit at the feet of her abuser, looks up at her uncle who was supposed to protect her. The pained expression on Ria’s face, and the motion of her eyes up to her uncle, betray a powerful subtext that was neither scripted nor spoken by any character. Yet the audience notices this dynamic, thanks to the subtle movements of the camera. Learn more <a href='https://www.masterclass.com/classes/mira-nair-teaches-independent-filmmaking/chapters/working-with-your-cinematographer' target='_self' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com/classes/mira-nair-teaches-independent-filmmaking/chapters/working-with-your-cinematographer","linkCopy":"here","category":null}'>here</a>.

How 3 Acclaimed Directors Work With Their Cinematographers

The director of photography is an integral part of the storytelling process as they are the person who captures the director’s vision on camera. The relationship between a director and his or her DP is a deeply collaborative one and often spans multiple films.

The director of photography is an integral part of the storytelling process as they are the person who captures the director’s vision on camera. The relationship between a director and his or her DP is a deeply collaborative one and often spans multiple films.
